This study was aimed to detect the biological activity of Alpinia galanga rhizomes (ARE), Moringa oleifera leaves (MLE), A. galanga leaves (ALE), Panax ginseng leaves (PLE), P. ginseng rhizomes (PRE), and Vitis vinifera seeds (VSE) ethanolic extracts as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors in both undifferentiated (undiff.) and differentiated (diff.) human neuroblastoma cell lines (SHSY5Y). AChE activity was estimated by Ellman’s colorimetric method. The bioactive compounds involved in the extract associated with impact on AChE activity were revealed by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF/MS). As a result, AChE inhibition was determined by ARE [PYL] (0.040 ± 0.026 mg/mL for undiff. cells and 0.048 ± 0.030 mg/mL for diff. cells), followed by MLE (0.150 ± 0.08 mg/mL for undiff. cells and 0.339 ± 0.020 mg/mL for diff. cells) when treated by MLE. The phytochemical analysis by LC–QTOF/MS identified abundant phenolic compounds, namely dephospho-CoA, nimodipine, and embelin, among the 40 compounds present in MLE, which have beneficial effects on AChE enzyme activity in undifferentiated and differentiated SHSY5Y cells. Furthermore, the compounds were estimated for the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties as well as molecular docking of ligand molecules and protein target prediction by freely accessible web tools, such as the PubChem database, SwissADME, and SwissDock.