Mandatory Forensic Intervention in Criminal Investigations: Evaluating Systemic Bottlenecks and Constitutional Challenges to the Right against Self-Incrimination

Abstract

Modern criminal justice systems increasingly rely on forensic science to enhance investigative accuracy and replace outdated, coercive methods. However, the practical integration of scientific evidence into the criminal justice process faces critical operational bottlenecks and complex constitutional challenges. This research paper evaluates the operational inefficiencies and legal friction points surrounding forensic interventions in criminal investigations. Operationally, the study highlights severe systemic bottlenecks, including massive case backlogs in forensic laboratories, inadequate technical infrastructure, compromised chain-of-custody protocols, and an acute shortage of trained experts. These operational deficiencies cause protracted delays in trial proceedings, directly threatening the fundamental right to a speedy trial. Constitutionally, the paper critically examines the friction between coercive forensic techniques such as narco-analysis, polygraph examinations, brain mapping, and forced biological sampling and the constitutional guarantee against self-incrimination. Drawing on contemporary judicial precedents, statutory provisions, and constitutional jurisprudence, the research analyzes the fine boundary where non-verbal or scientific data extraction borders on compelled testimony and violates personal liberty and bodily autonomy. The findings indicate that technological advancements have significantly outpaced statutory frameworks, creating regulatory vacuums and procedural vulnerabilities that undermine evidentiary integrity. Ultimately, the paper advocates for comprehensive legislative reform, standardized evidentiary procedures, capacity building across forensic laboratories, and clear judicial guidelines. Streamlining procedural efficiency while safeguarding foundational constitutional guarantees is paramount to ensuring that forensic innovation strengthens the rule of law without compromising fundamental human rights..