Advancements in Wood-Plastic Composites: Synthesis, Performance Evaluation, and Pathways to Multifunctional Innovations

Abstract

Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) represent a sustainable solution for integrating renewable fibers with polymer matrices to create durable, eco-friendly materials. This analysis examines the evolution of WPCs, focusing on their composition—typically 30-60% wood-derived fillers contained in thermoplastics such as HDPE, PP, or PVC—as well as their benefits in decreasing plastic waste and deforestation. Common polymers and their characteristics, pre-processing and production methods like extrusion and compression molding, and new techniques like selective laser sintering are all important considerations. Mechanical, thermal, and durability studies reveal increases via compatibilizers, with tensile strengths of 20-50 MPa and water absorption of less than 5%. The study also examines at future technologies, such as nano-enhanced formulations and structural battery composites (SBCs), which combine energy storage with structural integrity, and forecasts market growth of USD 11.9-13.45 billion by 2030. Interfacial compatibility and recyclability issues are addressed, emphasizing the importance of WPCs in circular economies and green engineering.