Genomic and Cellular Insights into Lepidium sativum Extract: Protection and Nutrigenomic Potential

Abstract

The current study examines Lepidium sativum extract as an anticancer agent with potential activity against CAL51 breast cancer cells by investigating antioxidant, antibacterial, and molecular analyses. The phytochemical screening characterised flavonoids, phenolic acids, and glucosinolates, implying the extract's richness in bioactive compounds. The DPPH radical-scavenging assay was employed to assess antioxidant activity; the findings indicated strong dose-dependent activity for neutralising free radicals. The antibacterial examination showed comparable inhibition zones against S. aureus and E. coli, ranging between 6 and 20 mm (p<0.01). MTT assay findings demonstrated a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, with CAL51 cell viability decreasing significantly as concentration. Compared to the control group (p < 0.05–0.001). Gene expression analysis revealed overexpression of TP53 and OGG1 (p < 0.01), which aligns with apoptosis and the activation of DNA repair, while leading to NRF2 downregulation (p < 0.05), suggesting suppression of antioxidant defences. The current findings underscore the importance of the phytochemicals in L. sativum extract as a natural source with antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer potential. Future studies should evaluate the biological activities of L. sativum in vivo.