Antioxidant, Antimicrobial activity, Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effect, Embryonic toxicology effect of Green synthesised Syzygium aromaticum and Thymus vulgaris Titanium oxide nanoparticles

Abstract

Background: Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant-based phytochemicals. The biological properties of Titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) synthesised with Syzygium aromaticum and Thymus vulgaris Formulation are correlated to the presence of natural bioactive compounds utilized as reducing and capping agents. Objective: This study aimed to synthesize and characterize TiO₂ NPs using clove and thyme extracts and determine their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and embryonic toxicological effects for biomedical purposes.
Methods: TiO₂ NPs were obtained by a green synthesis from the aqueous extracts of clove and thyme particles, which was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays were performed to assess antioxidant properties. Agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy against important oral pathogens. Brine shrimp lethality and human cell line assays were used to assess cytotoxicity. Embryonic toxicity was studied zebrafish embryos.
Results: The TiO₂ NPs obtained had a spherical morphology and anatase crystalline structure with a size between 20 and 50 nm. They showed considerable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. They also exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects and selective cytotoxicity, with biocompatibility observed at 50 µg/mL, but inducing embryotoxic effects at higher concentrations.
Conclusion: Green Synthesis of Syzygium aromaticum and Thymus vulgaris mediated TiO₂ NPs application in biomedical and dental therapeutics having remarkable multifunctional bioactivities.