Phytochemical and Biochemical of Nagori Cow Urine: Insights into Its Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential

Abstract

Cow urine has long been used in traditional medicine across the Indian subcontinent due to its perceived therapeutic properties. This study aimed to evaluate its phytochemical composition scientifically along with biochemical, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. The antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and superoxide anion scavenging assays and indicated that there was a significant dose-dependent enhancement of the free radical scavenging activity, with higher concentrations showing the highest inhibition. The inhibition of bacterial growth was demonstrated by the minimum inhibitory concentration test, which revealed the presence of antibacterial activity. The screening of phytochemicals showed that it contains phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. Collectively, these findings support the traditional claims and suggest that cow urine may serve as a promising natural source of therapeutic agents with significant pharmacological potential.