Children’s and Adolescents’ Health Risk Behaviors in Saudi Arabia: A Narrative Literature Review

Abstract

Background: Childhood and adolescence are important periods for establishing health behaviors and preventing illness and injury. This review examines health risk behaviors among children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia and their implications for school health, policy and research.
Methods: This narrative review draws on literature published mainly during 2015–2025, identified through PubMed, Google and official health organization websites. Findings were summarized by health topic to provide an overall picture of the evidence.
Findings: The literature describes unhealthy dietary habits, insufficient physical activity, tobacco use, gaps in sexual health knowledge and poor oral health practices. Unsafe driving, violence and school safety also require attention. Family practices, peer relationships and school environments are relevant across these areas. Research on school health systems and programs remains limited.
Conclusion: School health should connect education, supportive environments and access to care. The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child framework offers a practical basis for this approach. Priorities include healthier food, opportunities for activity, trained staff, safe schools and clear referral pathways. Routine monitoring and evaluation should guide implementation.