Precariousness and risk in informal mining: a phenomenological study of working conditions in La Rinconada, Puno

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the repercussions of informal mining on the working conditions of miners in La Rinconada (Puno), focusing on the experiences of its protagonists and how precariousness, insecurity and the absence of labor rights shape their daily lives.
Theoretical Framework: It is based on phenomenology to explore the intentionality, consciousness, epoché and eidetic reduction of the miners, and incorporates critical theories such as dependency, the world-system, social capital, stratification and the political economy of extraction to understand how global and local dynamics perpetuate labor precariousness and exploitation in informal enclaves.
Method: A qualitative phenomenological design was used, with in-depth interviews, focus groups and non-participant observation. The sample included 32 key informants (mine workers, pallaqueras, contractors, authorities and police). Data were collected through flexible guides and observation protocols, and analyzed by thematic coding, categorization and construction of hermeneutic networks to identify patterns and the “essence” of the experience.
Results and Discussion: A multifactorial precariousness is identified: lack of drinking water and sanitation, absence of protective equipment, inhalation of mercury and toxic gases, poor ventilation, extreme cold and long or fragmented workdays (12-hour shifts, 3×2 schemes, “cachorreo”). Internal insecurity-assaults inside the mine-and the normalization of risk make up a “limit existence” where the injured body is both witness and victim of exploitation. The lack of state supervision and community defense mechanisms deepens this dynamic, making exploitation part of the miners' professional identity.
Implications of the Research: It provides a framework for designing comprehensive formalization policies that combine regulation of working hours, provision of PPE, ventilation and sanitation equipment, continuous training and effective supervision, along with the strengthening of social capital and community participation. These strategies are essential to transform daily precariousness into decent and sustainable work. Originality/Value: Presents a unique phenomenological approach to the study of informal mining by fusing critical structural theories with experiential testimonies in a highly vulnerable enclave. Its findings provide essential data to improve the relationship between State, company and community, and to guide occupational health and labor rights strategies in extreme contexts.